Thomas Jefferson and the Embargo Act of 1807

The Embargo Act of 1807 was an attempt by President Thomas Jefferson and the U.S. Congress to prohibit  American ships from trading in foreign ports. It was intended to punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while the two major European powers were at war with each other. The embargo was precipitated  primarily by Napoleon Bonapartes 1806 Berlin Decree, which announced that neutral ships carrying British-made goods were subject to seizure by France, thus exposing American ships to attacks by privateers. Then, a year later, sailors from the USS Chesapeake were forced into service  by officers from the British ship HMS Leopard. That was the final straw. Congress passed the Embargo Act in December 1807 and Jefferson signed it into law on December 22, 1807. The president hoped that the act would prevent a war between the United States and Britain. At the same time, Jefferson saw it as a way to keep ships as military resources out of harms way, buy time for the preservation, and signify (after the Chesapeake event) that the U.S. recognized that a war was in the future. Jefferson also saw it as a way to cease non-productive war-profiteering which was undermining the coveted but never achieved goal of American autarky—economic independence from Britain and other economies. Perhaps inevitably, the Embargo Act was also a precursor to the War of 1812. Effects  of the Embargo Economically, the embargo devastated American shipping exports and cost the American economy about 8 percent in decreased gross national product in 1807. With the embargo in place, American exports declined by 75%, and imports declined by 50%—the act did not completely eliminate trade and domestic partners. Before the embargo, exports to the United States reached $108 million. One year later, they were just over $22 million. Yet Britain and France, locked in the Napoleonic Wars, were not greatly damaged by the loss of trade with Americans. So the embargo intended to punish Europes greatest powers instead negatively impacted ordinary Americans. Although the western states in the Union were relatively unaffected, as they had at that point little to trade, other parts of the country were hit hard. Cotton growers in the South lost their British market entirely. Merchants in New England were the hardest hit. In fact, discontent was so widespread there that there was serious talk by local political leaders of seceding from the Union, decades before the  Nullification Crisis  or the  Civil War. Jeffersons Presidency Another result of the embargo was that smuggling increased across the border with Canada, and smuggling by ship also became prevalent. So the law was both ineffective and difficult to enforce. Many of those weaknesses were addressed by a number of amendments and new acts written by Jeffersons Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin (1769–1849), passed by Congress, and signed into law by the president: but the president himself essentially ceased active support on his own after signaling his decision to not seek a third term in office in December 1807. Not only would the embargo taint Jeffersons presidency, making him fairly unpopular by its end, but the economic effects also didnt fully reverse themselves until the end of the War of 1812. End of the Embargo The embargo was repealed by Congress early in 1809, just days before the end of Jeffersons presidency. It was replaced by a less restrictive piece of legislation, the Non-Intercourse Act, which prohibited trade with Britain and France. The newer law was no more successful than the Embargo Act had been, and relations with Britain continued to fray until, three years later, President James Madison obtained a declaration of war from Congress and the War of 1812 began. Sources and Further Reading Frankel, Jeffrey A. The 1807–1809 Embargo against Great Britain. The Journal of Economic History 42.2 (1982): 291–308.Irwin, Douglas A. The Welfare Cost of Autarky: Evidence from the Jeffersonian Trade Embargo, 1807–09. Review of International Economics 13.4 (2005): 631–45.Mannix, Richard. Gallatin, Jefferson, and the Embargo of 1808. Diplomatic History 3.2 (1979): 151–72.Spivak, Burton. Jeffersons English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1979.

The Concept Of Narcissism And Its Elements - 2720 Words

Chapter 3: Methodology This qualitative research has taken an analytical approach, aiming to reduce the concept of narcissism to its elements and to study in detail how one’s own image construction is represented in a digital environment, incorporating the phenomenon of the selfie culture. Qualitative research, being rich, multi- dimensional and complex (Alasuutari, P., 1995) allows the in- depth exploration of the rhetoric of the self and the self- constructs in a technoculture and makes sense of the phenomenon of the human- machine connection and the creation of virtual realities that bears problematical ideas of digital narcissism. The position that this research has taken is a constructivist epistemological as it provides an adaptive,†¦show more content†¦The field of Internet studies, a rapidly- developing area, requires rethinking of the research methods. By the use of qualitative online ethnography the experiences and the reality that lead to the creation of particular subjectivitie s through constructing oneself online as opposed to others was examined. In itself this project is a qualitative research about self- disinhibition and self- construction in a digital environment and selfie culture and therefore the attention needs to be put on a multitude of grounded ideas, meanings, symbols and social practices, which digital ethnography can provide (Hine C. 2000). By answering the questions, how do social media affects the organisation of social relationships and what are the implications for authenticity, authority and representation as well as how identities are performed and experienced would help for the full understanding of the phenomenon of the alienation of the human and the problematic relationship with technology. Digital, virtual methods as opposed to more traditional methods can also make a distinction between the online and the offline and validate any possible boundaries between the two, which is what this project was aiming to do. In a nutshell, the applied netnography is: â€Å"participant- observational research based in online fieldwork. It uses computer- mediated communication as a source of data to arrive at the ethnographic understanding and representation of a cultural

What are the most important considerations Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Multimedia, which is in essence a presentation of information that includes multiples media, is becoming a very important medium in learning. Multimedia learning materials have soared since the growth of internet. Yet its effective must rely on the design was tailored to cater specific audiences. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the most important considerations? or any similar topic only for you Order Now PURPOSE The purpose of this document is to present the most important considerations when designing a multimedia material for adult learners. This document also further explains these considerations. IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS Overview of Considerations When designing multimedia materials for adult learners, the following important considerations should be taken into account (Lieb, 1991): 1) Adults are autonomous and self-directed. 2) Adults have accumulated a foundation of life experiences and knowledge that may include work-related activities, family responsibilities, and previous education. Generally these are established values, beliefs, and opinions. 3) Â  Adults are goal oriented 4) Â  Adults are relevance oriented and practical 5) Â  Adults should be respected Other minor factors which are not very common to all includes, low level literacy, lacking in confidence and displaying a higher level of anxiety towards academic tasks, limited problem-solving and critical thinking skills, and little or no computer-related skills. Autonomous and Self-directed Adult learners tend to be autonomous and self-directed. Thus a multimedia learning material should have the alternatives that may fit the interest of adult learners. It should not be limiting in options but rather acts as guide or facilitating control. Adults can direct themselves to specific areas of interest at a time to achieve the most efficient learning. Established Values, Beliefs, Knowledge and Opinions Adult learners experience in life has formed established values, beliefs, and opinions. Thus a multimedia learning material should take into account that new ideas and principles should be explained carefully and explicitly. The explanation should connect these ideas and principles to the established values, beliefs and opinions in order for them to understand. Otherwise they might misunderstood it and think that these are not in accordance with their previous knowledge. Goal Oriented Adults are goal oriented so that they should have a purpose in every module or chapter. The multimedia learning material should clear the objective at the start. Without a goal, adult learners tend to loose their interest because to them life experience has taught them that life is all about goals. The multimedia learning material should provide them an organized layout of the content at the start. Relevance oriented and Practical Adult learners seek relevance of studies in their daily lives. They need to understand the practical purpose of these lessons. Thus multimedia learning materials should relate the ideas to real world scenarios where they offer a certain level of use. Respect The most important to all of this is respect. Multimedia learning materials should not try to break the respect by overdoing with jokes to ignite interest. CONCLUSION Multimedia products should take into consideration the that adult learners are autonomous, have establish values and opinions, goal oriented, relevance oriented, practical and needs respect in order for these products to be effective. References Lieb, S (1991). Principles of Adult Learning. Retrieved from the BALS website: http://balsontheweb.wikispaces.com/Adult+Learning?responseToken=a02492aded209b11678103756fc3f32b , January 17, 2007 How to cite What are the most important considerations?, Essay examples

Pathophysiology Of Cancer Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Pathophysiology Of Cancer. Answer: Succinctly discuss the pathophysiology of cancer: Tumors in general Pathophysiology refers to the changes that occur in an organ resulting into signs and symptoms which alter daily activities of living. Cancer refers to the uncontrolled growth of cells within an organ, which can result in metastasis or remain benign; which depends on the aggressiveness of the cancer. Role of oncogenes, apoptosis, ell cycle and tumor suppressor gene Cancers are caused by oncogenes which are products of mutation and are expressed in increased levels. Apoptosis is a mechanism which gets rid of altered cells during the cell cycle and normal aged cells which have served their purposes, an alteration during this process which likely results from oncogenes, then the cells destined for destruction survive the process, and they are allowed to replicate and multiply causing disruption to the normal physiologic process eventually causing cancer (Baar. M, 2017) Another factor responsible for the development of cancer is the tumor suppressor gene; a gene that protects the cell from cancer. It contributes to development of cancer if it fails or if it is impaired; however if it is fully viable, then the cells are safe. Also an alteration in the cell cycle, which is a process that results in cell division and duplication of DNA, can cause cancer in that the products of the cell cycle can be mutated and distorted leading to their accumulation or the process of apoptosis can be altered(Wang X, 2015) All of these four factors play a major role in the pathophysiology of cancer The pathophysiology of colorectal cancer in relation to the results Moderately differentiated Adenocarcinoma grade three Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma refers to colorectal cancer which results from cells in the glands that line the colon and the rectum and metastasis slowly (Asare, 2016) This type of cancer results from over growth of cells in the mucus producing glands lining the colon, this overgrowth can be as a result of the following factors altered tumor suppressor gene, overexpressed oncogenes, a faulted apoptosis process or alterations in the cell cycle, which results in the production of altered cellular DNA leading to the accumulation of defaulted cells (White, 2015). One of these factors is enough to cause the uncontrolled cell proliferation, if other factors predisposing to cancer are present or the four factors can work together augmenting each other, despite the involvement of other predisposing factors such as lifestyle, and environmental factors (Cerada, 2017) The uncontrolled growth of cells in the glands that line the mucosa of the colon result in the formation of a tumor in the colon, the growth results in the impaired movement of food within the colon resulting into, impaired bowel movements, constipation, nausea, blood stained-stool weight loss and back pains associated with the extensive growth of the tumor. A grade 3 moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma implies that the tumor is a high grade cancer, which is growing and spreading very fast. Signs and symptoms will worsen as the cancer grows and response to treatment is not very good; however in some cases the treatment may work (Cerada, 2017) Discus one chemotherapeutic agents available for Betty Bettys diagnosis shows that her cancer is a high grade cancer, which implies that it will spread and grow more quickly than anticipated; the diagnosis also shows that the probability to respond to treatment compared to that of not responding to treatment is 1:1. One of the chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of colorectal cancer is Capecitabine, it is sold under the trade name Xeloda. Capecitabine is taken orally after/ within 30 minutes of taking a meal. The drug belongs to the class of fluoropyrimidines and once ingested and it is in the system it is converted to 5-fluorouracil which is its active form. 5-Fu inhibits synthesis of DNA through inhibition of the synthesis of thymidine monophosphate from a thymidilate synthase inhibitor, which is the active from of the drug, 5-Fu (Z, 2014) Pharmacokinetics Capecitabine is metabolized by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase enzyme Side effects and contraindications This drug has the following side effects, elevated liver enzymes, fatigue, rash and itching, low blood cell count abdominal pain and hand and foot syndrome. This drug is contraindicated in pregnancy, hepatic impairment, and hypersensitivity to fluorouracil, DPD deficiency, severe leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, hair loss, edema, dermatitis, stomatitis, myelosupression and indigestion. Patients receiving treatment with sorivudine or its analogues are contraindicated from taking capecitabine (Twelves, 2009) Drug interactions Capecitabine has drug interactions with the following medications Phenytoin; it increases its plasma concentration, calcium folinate enhances its therapeutic effects and worsens diarrhea, warfarin and other coumarin-derived anticoagulants, and drugs with CYP2C9 substrates (Twelves, 2009) Bibliography Asare, E. A. (2016). The imapact of stage,grade and mucinous histology on the efficacy of systemic chemotherapy in adenocarcinomas Baar. M, P. (2017). targeted apoptosis of senescent cells restore tissue homeostasis in response to chemotoxicity and aging. Cerada, I. m. (2017, january 19). A general overview and future perspective of colorectal cancer. (W. C.-s. cho, Ed.) internal journal. Twelves, B. a. (2009). capecitabine in colorectal cancer. future medicine(1475-0708). Wang X. (2015). protection against tumor growth beyond effect on cell cycle and apoptosis. White. (2015). role of autophagy in cancer. journal of clinical investigation. Z, d. A.-D. (2014, january). pharmacokinetics and exposure-effect relationship of capecitabine in elederly patients with breast and colorectal cancer. caner chemotherapy and phamacology, 73(6), 1285-1293.